Last Notes
proof of consensus != proof of enforcement
also maybe you cant understand it but "L1 should be slow" isn't dogma. it's the cost of letting anyone verify without permission. you can disagree with the tradeoff, but you didn't solve anything. everything works the same its 1+1=2 its the reality of the universe. you love using words like "thermodynamic" so much, its not so hard to understand. its not a bitcoin thing, its any system ever.
you started a new kaspa node fresh:
- downloads the pruning point proof (just headers, not full blocks)
- checks PoW on those headers (only for ordering/consensus, not verifying the txs inside them)
- checks ghostdag structure + blue work (only picks the heaviest proof, says nothing about tx validity)
- downloads the UTXO set from an untrusted peer (the list of who owns what, streamed to you in chunks)
- hashes that set with muhash, compares it to the `utxo_commitment` field in the header (only confirms the set matches a number a miner wrote into the header)
- validates txs in the pruning point block only (that single block, against the set it was just handed)
- everything before the pruning point: never executed (no scripts run, no signatures checked, data never even downloaded)
what verifies what:
- PoW: energy was spent on the headers
- ghostdag/blue work: this proof is heavier than competing ones
- muhash check: the set you received matches a number in the header
- nothing: that the number was produced by valid txs following the rules
the `utxo_commitment` is just a value in a header. the node confirms "the set i got matches this value." it never confirms "this value came from valid execution." consistency, not correctness.
proof of consensus, not proof of enforcement.
nodes will rejectrt `utxo_commitment` if:
- a utxo set that doesnt hash to the value in the header, meaning someone hands you a snapshot thats been tampered with after the fact. the hashes won't match. rejected
- the only thing that breaks the check is a mismatch between the bytes you received and the committed hash. basically checksum.
- only way you can reject it meaningfully is you are online at that time, and see the invalid (for you) tx. and out right deny the utxo set.
`utxo_commitment` doesnt enforce that the transactions which produced that utxo set were valid. its generated by the miner who mined that block. if devs pushes an update and miners mine based on it during a period. and days pass. you have no idea if it fits your ruleset or not. you just accept it because its the most pow.
a fresh node goes:
does my downloaded set match this hash? Yes. Accepted.
it has no way to know the set contains coins that should never have existed.
the `utxo_commitment` proves the set matches what was committed.
it does not prove what was committed was legitimate by your rules.
it catches tampering with the snapshot, not "fraud" or period of rule change baked into the history, deep enough.
its trusting the work, not verification. and assuming the bandwidth a kaspa node spends, you cant have a lot of nodes that you cant easily find one that is telling you to double check that older block. if you can find a copy of the said block of course. assuming only few big cloud runners will be running a full node soon.
source: https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa
Pedro's time at Lazio ends on June 30, 2026. This is a big change for the team as Patric returns from injury.
#PedroLazio, #LazioFC, #SerieA, #FootballTransfers, #Patric
https://newsletter.tf/pedro-lazio-exit-june-30-2026-patric-returns/
Hi guys, if you can, help is always welcomed 🙏🏻 thankss
#nevent1q…54dh
Wait, I thought Turkey were good? 😭
Mostro.network is nostr-native. Haven't used yet
https://peakd.com/bible/@creatr/stop-reading-the-bible
The weird shit is that The Matrix, The Terminator and Idiocracy became reality at the same time.
Let's take a look at this!
Hi guys, if you can, help is always welcomed 🙏🏻
#nevent1q…54dh
#bitcoin #nostr #zap #stack #memes
⚽️🏆 In honor of the 2026 World Cup
👀 A look at #Bitcoin price over the last 5 World Cups
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Hahaha, half the German national soccer team isn't even German anymore.
The Kalergi Plan has really worked out well.
Hii guys , Hi guys, if you can, help is always welcomed 🙏🏻
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Establishing Dominance Since Block 860,910
Signal Over Noise or GFY 🧡
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OMG. She just told me she uses "cat boots" when they're spicy.
Hi there, if you can, help is always welcomed 🙏🏻
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Sua chave fica distribuída entre alguns relays, sendo que eles tem somente parte da sua chave e não toda. Então vc faz o login com o Google e as partes são juntadas.
Check out this amazing work by from our Board Advisor. We couldn't be more proud to have him apart of BFTA! 🧡 🧡
Shout out to @nprofile…2gtf The song is 🔥 🔥 🔥
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Hi guys, if you can, help is always welcomed 🙏🏻
#nevent1q…54dh
Nyc is turned up ! Hyped 😎
How to begin witn? maybe some mozilla-extension(s) can help localize bug? what's the page/event kind, where memory usage is rising?
Inbound aircraft to Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International #Airport (#ATL) are currently being held at their origin #airport due to #thunderstorms. Operations are expected to resume at 1:30 PM. #AirportStatusBot https://charlie.fish/projects/airportstatusbot/assets/images/4f24694c-97c7-4a3a-af65-6906437a696a.png
The departure delay for Phoenix Sky Harbor International #Airport (#PHX) is no longer in effect. #AirportStatusBot
Keep posting those game updates! Maybe add a "pay the winners" feature next?
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壊れたと思って解体した掃除機。ゴミが詰まってるの発見！取り除いたら正常運転！
**Scientists Mapped Every Neuron in a Fruit Fly and the Brain Wasn’t Running the Show**
By Harvard Medical School - Published on 14 June 2026
Scientists have created the first complete brain-to-body wiring map of a fruit fly, revealing that complex behavior may arise from distributed neural teamwork rather than a central controller. A large international research team led by labs at Harvard Medical School and Princeton University has reached a major neuroscience milestone: a complete wiring diagram of every [...]
Read more: https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-mapped-every-neuron-in-a-fruit-fly-and-the-brain-wasnt-running-the-show/
#tech #discovery #scienceNews #science #Biology #Brain #HarvardMedicalSchool
🙌 hope your plants 🌱 are ok!
CHAIN DUEL ONLINE ROOM
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**SBGG** ()
.
Regnskapet og kvartalsrapporten er behandlet og godkjent i styremøte 8. november 2024.
Kontaktpersoner:
Administrerende banksjef Per Ivar Kleiven 901 93660
Økonomisjef Geir Kjølgård 958 58814…
**STB** ()
Ledende innen bærekraftig verdiskaping - Historisk sterkt kvartalsresultat
· Konsernresultat[1] på 1 225 millioner kroner i kvartalet
· Solvensmargin på 178 prosent
· Foreslått utbytte på 3,25 kroner per aksje
· F…
**NAEB** ()
gjennomførte banken en rettet emisjon, der 830 000 nye aksjer ble utstedt til 25 kroner pr aksje. Bruttoprovenyet på 20,75 millioner kroner vil styrke bankens kjernekapitaldekning fra fjerde kvartal.…
**TRSB** ()
Hemne Sparebank – Beslutning om utdeling av utbytte for regnskapsåret 2019
Bankens styre og Generalforsamling besluttet våren 2020 ifm korona-pandemien å utsette utbetaling av utbytte for regnskapsåret 2019 etter oppfor…
**MOLLG** ()
i 2019. Investeringene har primært gått til mindre oppgraderinger på forhandleranlegg og kontorbygg, digitale løsninger, samt oppkjøp av en svensk Porscheforhandler og en eierandel i Mitt Dekkhotell.
Finansieringsstrukt…
**NHY** ()
engelige på kort varsel. Den
rullerende kredittfasiliteten på 1,6 milliarder USD sto helt ubrukt ved utgangen
av kvartalet.
Denne opplysningen er informasjonspliktig etter verdipapirhandelloven §5-12…
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-11 mill. kr)
Hele kvartalsrapporten kan leses på www.sor.no
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Denne opplysningen er informasjonspliktig etter Verdipapirhandelloven §5-12…
**OMDA** ()
Omda’s topplinje vokste raskere en guidingen
Oslo, Norway, 26 February 2026 - Omda AS (Euronext Growth Oslo: OMDA)
leverte et rekordsterkt fjerde kvartal og avsluttet 2025 med inntekter
på NOK 135 millioner i Q4. For åre…
**GRONG** ()
og det vil også gjennomføres interne kurs og seminarer med fokus på bærekraft. I Q2 gjennomførte banken i samarbeid med Namsosfestivalen, en bærekraftskonferanse for lokalt næringsliv.
ORGANISASJON
Antall ansatte per 3…
Not selling. You misunderstood :)
“When Jesus came to the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say the Son of Man is?” They replied, “Some say John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others, Jeremiah or one of the prophets.” “But what about you?” he asked. “Who do you say I am?” Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.””
Matthew 16:13-16 NIV
🧡⚡Sats for Trash — Outing #44:
Quick clean up, the pedestrian way is pretty clean now, gotta work on that field next .🙏🧡
⏱️ ~15 minutes
💰 1 bags of trash (2,5 gal/10 ltr)
📍Montaña del Cuervo. FV North, Canaries. 🌐 satsfortrash.com
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Jews still try to say this is fake today, also it's all jews
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⚡ 953658 ⚡ https://blossom.primal.net/fa2d48dc7a6697826a6e187ef7eb348e940a2afba3a9e0811826e288bbdd76e6.jpg
Let's take a look at this! #note1qum…pc5n
It's what keeps me on Nostr, normie stuff. 🤷
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A departure delay has been issued for Phoenix Sky Harbor International #Airport (#PHX) due to traffic management initiatives. Current delays are 16-30 minutes and increasing. #AirportStatusBot
#monero
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Ayos lang yan. Basta oo na lang kahjt di natin alam 🤣
Please dont do that. Glass bottles in forrests are reason for fires.
#nevent1q…6edz
If you enjoy debugging obscure javascript issues then your welcome to try to find the issue. other than that I'm just complaining to myself :)
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Fun Sunday Themed mash up courtesy of Jamie Bot - how Bitcoin and Christian ethics overlap!
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Gcash mo na lang Neth 🤣
Nung nanjan ako Toril, pandemic yun. Ang mahal mg redhorse, 180 isang bote🤣
