THEDAILYEAGLE

“For who could keep his hands off Libya, or Carthage, when that city got within his reach, a city which Agathocles, slipping stealthily out of Syracuse and crossing the sea with a few ships, narrowly missed taking?” Plutarch

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npub1yyrhzeamzfzgpcvaf0q2thyup5fdve47tk4vsgmf3g63vdl7nthq62wj4y

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THE-DAILY-EAGLE@primal.net

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nprofile1qqszzpm3v7a3y3yquxw5hs99mjwq6ykkv6l9m2kgyd5c5dgkxllf4mspzamhxue69uhhyetvv9ujumn9w4skucm99ehx2aqpzemhxue69uhhyetvv9ujuurjd9kkzmpwdejhgnwqyva

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purplepag.es

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Last Notes

2026-04-15 21:39:06 UTC

https://youtu.be/ZzePaQN-fsw?is=T28bQ10ywE9OhMmq

2026-04-13 13:22:02 UTC

🔶 THE MEETING PLACE OF THE ROMAN ARMADA
“A thousand vessels were considered enough, and these were built at speed. Some were short craft with very little poop or prow, and broad-bellied, the more easily to withstand a heavy sea: others had flat bottoms, enabling them to run aground without damage; while still more were fitted with rudders at each end, so as to head either way the moment the oarsmen reversed their stroke. Many had a deck-flooring to carry the military engines, though they were equally useful for transporting horses or supplies. The whole armada, equipped at once for sailing or propulsion by the oar, was a striking and formidable spectacle, rendered still more so by the enthusiasm of the soldiers. The Isle of Batavia⁠ was fixed for the meeting-place, since it afforded an easy landing and was convenient both as a rendezvous for the troops and as the base for a campaign across the water. For the Rhine, which so far has flowed in a single channel, save only where it circles some unimportant islet, branches at the Batavian frontier into what may be regarded as two rivers. On the German side, it runs unchanged in name and vehemence till its juncture with the North Sea:⁠ the Gallic bank it washes with a wider, gentler stream, known locally as the Waal, though before long it changes its style once more and becomes the river Meuse, through whose immense estuary it discharges, also into the North Sea.”
Tacitus
https://blossom.primal.net/0259436f24d34708d5348b101b8a4e5da0bcc199b72eddf288b4825e38c9cf80.png

2026-04-08 20:21:08 UTC

🟢 SULLA’S LEADERSHIP
“When a lieutenant of Lucius Sulla had gone over to the enemy at the beginning on an engagement, accompanied by a considerable force of cavalry, Sulla announced that this had been done by his own instructions. He thereby not merely saved his men from panic, but encouraged them by a certain expectation of advantage to result from this plan.
The same Sulla, when certain auxiliary troops dispatched by him had been surrounded and cut to pieces by the enemy, fearing that his entire army would be in a panic on account of this disaster, announced that he had purposely placed the auxiliaries in a place of danger, since they had plotted to desert. In this way he veiled a very palpable reverse under the guise of discipline, and encouraged his soldiers by convincing them that he had done this.”
Frontinus: The Strategemata
https://blossom.primal.net/ab1f305fa1790c6d71d57954250831bd959188dc9b770853d71bfc11fc43b7f3.jpg

2026-03-24 22:42:18 UTC

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https://blossom.primal.net/657434fc7a5e83a6d78865a45a7c5c09c151dbaeca9487748e3ae606d997ccb3.jpg

2026-03-20 09:17:02 UTC

2026-03-20 09:16:50 UTC

⚫️ REASSAMBLING BOATS IN MESOPOTAMIA
“And since the region near the Tigris is bare of timber suitable for building ships, he brought his boats, which had been constructed in the forests around Nisibis, to the river on waggons; for they had been built in such a way that they could be taken apart and put together again. He had great difficulty in bridging the stream opposite the Gordyaean mountains, as the barbarians had taken their stand on the opposite bank and tried to hinder him. But Trajan had a great abundance of both ships and soldiers, and so some vessels were fastened together with great speed while others lay moored in front of them having heavy infantry and archers board, and still others kept making dashes this way and that, as if they intended to cross. In consequence of these tactics and because of their very consternation at seeing so many ships appear all at once out of a land destitute of trees, the barbarians gave way. And the Romans crossed over and gained possession of the whole of Adiabene. This is a district of Assyria in the vicinity of Ninus; and Arbela and Gaugamela, near which places Alexander conquered Darius, are also in this same country. Adiabene, accordingly, has also been called Atyria in the language of the barbarians, the double S being changed to T.”
Cassius Dio
https://blossom.primal.net/4fde97309915298551824c52a9d8979ada196e5ac0540294c65005f680595be6.jpg

2026-03-20 09:15:44 UTC

🟡 “THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STRUGGLE”
“Now it was the purpose of the Romans to sail across to Libya and transfer the war there, in order that the Carthaginians might find the danger affecting themselves and their own country rather than Sicily. But the Carthaginians were determined to prevent this. They knew that Libya was easily invaded, and that the invaders if they once effected a landing would meet with little resistance from the inhabitants; and they therefore made up their minds not to allow it, and were eager rather to bring the matter to a decisive issue by a battle at sea. The one side was determined to cross, the other to prevent their crossing; and their enthusiastic rivalry gave promise of a desperate struggle. The preparations of the Romans were made to suit either contingency, an engagement at sea or a disembarkation on the enemy's soil. Accordingly they picked out the best hands from the land army and divided the whole force which they meant to take on board into four divisions. Each division had alternative titles; the first was called the "First Legion" or the "First Squadron,"—and so on with the others. The fourth had a third title besides. They were called "Triarii," on the analogy of land armies. The total number of men thus making up the naval force amounted to nearly one hundred and forty thousand, reckoning each ship as carrying three hundred rowers and one hundred and twenty soldiers. The Carthaginans, on the other hand, made their preparations almost exclusively with a view to a naval engagement. Their numbers, if we reckon by the number of their ships, were over one hundred and fifty thousand men. The mere recital of these figures must, I should imagine, strike any one with astonishment at the magnitude of the struggle, and the vast resources of the contending states. An actual view of them itself could hardly be more impressive than the bare statement of the number of men and ships.”
Polybius, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/e5918b4a4574815661c359841ebd7a0a53c7e4b3de9a1887eae35faff51b6bf4.jpg

2026-03-16 20:59:05 UTC

🟤 GAN YING’S JOURNEY
Gan Ying was a Chinese diplomat and explorer who lived during the Han Dynasty. He is best known for his attempted journey to the Roman Empire in 97 CE.
Gan Ying's mission was initiated by the Chinese general Ban Chao, who sought to establish diplomatic relations with the Roman Empire. Ban Chao believed that such a relationship would benefit both empires, particularly in trade and cultural exchange.
Gan Ying embarked on his journey westward, traveling along the Silk Road. He reached Parthia, an empire that controlled much of the trade routes between China and the West. In Parthia, he was discouraged from continuing his journey to Rome.
The Parthians, fearing that closer ties between China and Rome would disrupt their own trade dominance, misled Gan Ying, telling him that the sea voyage to Rome was long and perilous.
https://blossom.primal.net/b1f253c5671338a83582ca890d50ed6e29e4002cd35e2591b263a1654b4cd29e.png

2026-03-15 13:36:31 UTC

🔶 MARKING BREAD
The Romans used bread stamps to mark their loaves. In Roman cities, many people didn't have their own ovens and would take their prepared dough to communal or commercial bakeries to be baked. To ensure they got their own bread back, or to identify the baker in case of issues (like a short loaf or poor quality), they would press a stamp into the dough before it went into the oven.
These stamps could bear the baker's name, a family mark, or even symbols.
The importance of bread in Roman society, particularly with the state distribution of grain (later bread) to citizens, meant that quality and accountability were significant.
Photo: Carbonized bread from the city of Pompeii or Herculaneum.
https://blossom.primal.net/c72ac77999e84c91fd0cfa83bad9ef981a1809393d18691b9493b9d39d9d5f22.jpg

2026-03-13 22:25:23 UTC

🔺 THE SUB-CENTURION
“A force of equal size used to be supplied by the Latins, now, however, they were hostile to Rome. The two armies were drawn up in the same formation, and they knew that if the maniples kept their order they would have to fight, not only vexilla with vexilla, hastati with hastati, principes with principes, but even centurion with centurion. There were amongst the triarii two centurions, one in each army - the Roman, possessing but little bodily strength but an energetic and experienced soldier, the Latin, a man of enormous strength and a splendid fighter - very well known to each other because they had always served in the same company. The Roman, distrusting his own strength, had obtained the consuls' permission before leaving Rome to choose his own sub-centurion to protect him from the man who was destined to be his enemy. This youth, finding himself face to face with the Latin centurion, gained a victory over him.”
Livy
The Latin War (340-338 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and its former allies in the Latin League who desired independence from Roman dominance. Rome won, dissolving the League and solidifying its control over Latium.
https://blossom.primal.net/dd7fcc46cfa66cf38eaba34f65cb17ba6ebc7261e2e754a49b3d2ddcc7271d65.jpg

2026-03-13 20:24:28 UTC

🔘 THE FORTUNATE PRINCEPS
“What then? Caesar's son, who was the first to be styled Augustus, and who ruled for fifty-four years, when he was sending forth his grandson to war, did he not pray to the goddess to bestow upon the young man the courage of Scipio, the popularity of Pompey, and his own Fortune, thus recording Fortune as the creator of himself, quite as though he were inscribing the artist's name on a great monument? For it was Fortune that imposed him upon Cicero, Lepidus, Pansa, Hirtius, and Mark Antony, and by their displays of valour, their deeds, victories, fleets, wars, armies, raised him on high to be the first of Roman citizens; and she cast down these men, through whom he had mounted, and left him to rule alone.
It was, in fact, for him that Cicero governed the State, that Lepidus commanded armies, that Pansa conquered, that Hirtius fell, that Antony played the wanton.
For I reckon even Cleopatra as a part of Caesar's Fortune, on whom, as on a reef, even so great a commander as Antony was wrecked and crushed that Caesar might rule alone. The tale is told of Caesar and Antony that, when there was much familiarity and intimacy between them, they often devoted their leisure to a game of ball or dice or even to fights of pet birds, such as quails or cocks; and Antony always retired from the field defeated. It is further related that one of his friends, who prided himself on his knowledge of divination, was often wont to speak freely to him and admonish him,
"Sir, what business have you with this youth? Avoid him! Your repute is greater, you are older, you govern more men, you have fought in wars, you excel in experience; but your Guardian Spirit fears this man's Spirit. Your Fortune is mighty by herself, but abases herself before his. Unless you keep far away from him, your Fortune will depart and go over to him!”
Plutarch
https://blossom.primal.net/54ad7e7c7063af8d0e2a8715fe4c85ba345e87f522200db0b512d877da01656d.jpg

2026-03-13 19:11:14 UTC

🔵 PESCENNIUS NIGER
“Pescennius Niger, then, was born of humble parentage, according to some, of noble, according to others. His father was Annius Fuscus, his mother Lampridia. His grandfather was the supervisor of Aquinum, the town to which the family sought to trace its origin, though the fact is even now considered doubtful. As for Pescennius himself, he was passably well versed in literature, thrifty in his habits, and unbridled in indulgence in every manner of passion. For a long time he commanded in the ranks, and finally, after holding many generalships, he reached the point where Commodus named him to command the armies in Syria, chiefly on the recommendation of the athlete who afterward strangled Commodus; for so, at that time, were all appointments made.
And now, after he learned that Commodus had been murdered, that Julianus had been declared emperor, and then, by order of Severus and the senate, put to death, and that Albinus, furthermore, had assumed in Gaul the name and power of emperor, Pescennius was hailed imperatorby the armies he commanded in Syria;— though more out of aversion to Julianus, some say, than in rivalry of Severus.
Even before this, during the first days of Julianus' reign, because of the dislike felt for the Emperor, Pescennius was so favoured at Rome, that even the senators, who hated Severus also, prayed for his success, while with showers of stones and general execrations the commons shouted "May the gods preserve him as Emperor, and him as Augustus". For the mob hated Julianus because the soldiers had slain Pertinax and declared Julianus emperor contrary to their wishes; and there was violent rioting on this account.”
Historia Augusta
https://blossom.primal.net/2f26315d2604d978fea088ac63811b53971585b1e8515338ef6e9f3306b823c3.jpg

2026-03-13 19:10:15 UTC

🟣 THREE SETS OF MEN
Among all the Gallic peoples, generally speaking, there are three sets of men who are held in exceptional honour; the Bards, the Vates and the Druids. The Bards are singers and poets; the Vates, diviners and natural philosophers; while the Druids, in addition to natural philosophy, study also moral philosophy. The Druids are considered the most just of men, and on this account they are entrusted with the decision, not only of the private disputes, but of the public disputes as well; so that, in former times, they even arbitrated cases of war and made the opponents stop when they were about to line up for battle, and the murder cases, in particular, had been turned over to them for decision. Further, when there is a big yield from these cases, there is forthcoming a big yield from the land too, as they think. However, not only the Druids, but others as well, say that men's souls, and also the universe, are indestructible, although both fire and water will at some time or other prevail over them.”
Strabo
https://blossom.primal.net/f99ea7544537a0cacaba238970388d2649824ed3be0b9634ba2c0a5d6c381bc5.jpg

2026-03-11 13:47:21 UTC

⚪️ THE VIRTUE OF THE PROCONSUL OF ASIA
“Quintus Scaevola used his utmost endeavour to reform other men's corrupt manners by his own virtuous example. For when he was sent as proconsul to Asia, he chose Quintus Rutilius, the worthiest of his friends, to be his legate, and always took his advice in the government of his province, and in making of laws. All the costs and expenses both of himself and his retinue he ordered to be defrayed out of his own purse; and by his moderation and frugality, together with his just and upright dealings, he freed the province from its former miseries and oppressions. For the proconsuls of Asia before him had conspired with the publicans (tax collectors), who at that time controlled the administration of justice at Rome, and they oppressed the whole province with their illegal exactions.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/a3f29a7f54da4a88aa7110722d048f2c63b3fd203d39e5549ca1c18e21424024.png

2026-03-11 13:46:06 UTC

🟢 NEW TESTAMENT CENSUS
And it came to pass in those days that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered.
This census first took place while Quirinius was governing Syria. So all went to be registered, everyone to his own city.
Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed wife, who was with child.
Luke 2. 1-5 NKJV
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2026-01-10 21:02:12 UTC

https://youtu.be/uAYKTMQl7MQ

2025-12-26 21:58:44 UTC

🟢 CLOACINA
Cloacina was the Roman goddess of the sewers, her name derived from the Latin word "cloaca" meaning sewer. She held responsibility for the efficient functioning of the vast Roman sewer systems, and also offered protection to the workers who maintained these vital underground networks. The Romans honored her with a shrine, the Sacrum Cloacina, built directly above the Cloaca Maxima, Rome's primary sewer. This shrine likely served a dual purpose, acting as both a sacred space and a practical access point, perhaps a rather ornate manhole. Cloacina held an important place in Roman religion, associated with cleanliness, purification, and even fertility. Romans believed she played a crucial role in maintaining the health and prosperity of their city. Originally an Etruscan goddess, Cloacina was adopted by the Romans around the 1st century BCE. She also became associated with Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Her shrine in the Roman Forum was a significant religious site, and the remnants of its foundations can still be seen in Rome today.
https://blossom.primal.net/0098ee1b2cb08cc3c02b4f0dc90df103163d4f3d641085f7a41b102a215dd67e.jpg

2025-10-22 08:45:06 UTC

🔶 AN EDICT OF GERMANICUS
Date: 19 AD
“Proclamation of Germanicus Caesar, son of Augustus (Tiberius) and grandson of the deified Augustus, proconsul. [Being informed that in view of my visit] requisitions of boats and animals are being made and that quarters for lodging are being occupied by force and private persons
intimidated, I have thought it necessary to declare that I wish neither boat nor beast of burden to be seized by anyone except on the order of Baebius my friend and secretary, nor quarters to be occupied. For if it be necessary, Baebius himself will allot the quarters fairly and justly; and for boats or animals which we requisition I command that hire be paid in accordance with my schedule.
Those who disobey I desire to be brought before my secretary, who will either himself prevent private persons from being wronged or will report the case to me. And I forbid beasts of burden to be forcibly appropriated by those who meet them traversing the city ; for this is nothing but an act of open robbery.”
https://blossom.primal.net/a0d86c3641ba5bb5ce16692791e04687ee0847ac77d0d1b42d5bb793d67ff033.jpg

2025-10-21 19:57:16 UTC

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🤢

2025-10-21 19:04:28 UTC

😂 Gregory of Tours on Clovis:
“One day when he had called a general assembly of his subjects, he is said to have made the following remark about the relatives whom he had destroyed: 'How sad a thing it is that I live among strangers like some solitary pilgrim, and that I have none of my own relations left to help me when disaster threatens!' He said this not because he grieved for their deaths, but because in his cunning way he hoped to find some relative still in the land of the living whom he could kill.”
https://blossom.primal.net/dd43b29f336680647185198695c2e8e10f569576fbd27324f966a4711d33aac4.jpg

2025-10-21 18:16:45 UTC

🔺 THE CIMBRIAN WAR
The Cimbrian War (113-101 BC) was a significant conflict pitting the Roman Republic against migrating Germanic and Celtic tribes, most notably the Cimbri and Teutones. Their southward movement, possibly due to environmental changes in their northern homelands, brought them into contact and conflict with Roman territories and allies.
The initial Roman response was disastrous, marked by heavy losses at battles like Noreia (113 BC) and the catastrophic defeat at Arausio (105 BC). These defeats exposed Roman military vulnerabilities and caused alarm in Rome. However, the migrating tribes' decision to move west into Gaul and Spain provided Rome with crucial time to reorganize and for the emergence of Gaius Marius.
Marius's subsequent military reforms proved vital. He decisively defeated the Teutones and Ambrones at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae in 102 BC. The war concluded in 101 BC with Marius and Catulus jointly crushing the Cimbri at the Battle of Vercellae in northern Italy. This decisive Roman victory eliminated the immediate threat of these migrating tribes to Italy.
The war was instrumental in the rise of Marius, whose military reforms had a lasting impact on the Roman legions, and it highlighted the challenges posed by large-scale migrations to Roman security.
Interesting video: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=
https://blossom.primal.net/913025d872c6047b9edaa8c0fe7b1c73d48400f88936c8e03b6fffb4d7558193.png

2025-10-20 20:43:54 UTC

🔘 WHY DID THEIR ANCIENT COINAGE HAVE STAMPED ON ONE SIDE A DOUBLE-FACED LIKENESS OF JANUS, ON THE OTHER THE STERN OR THE PROW OF A SHIP?
“Is it, as many affirm, in honour of Saturn who crossed over to Italy in a ship?
Or, since this might be said of many, inasmuch as Janus, Evander, and Aeneas all landed in Italy after a voyage by sea, one might rather conjecture thus: some things are excellent for States, others are necessary; and of the excellent things good government is the chief, and of the necessary things facility of provision. Since, therefore, Janus established for them an ordered government by civilizing their life, and since the river, which was navigable and permitted transportation both from the sea and from the land, provided them with an abundance of necessities, the coinage came to have as its symbol the twofold form of the lawgiver, as has been stated, because of the change he wrought, and the vessel as the symbol of the river.
They also used another kind of coinage, stamped with the figures of a bull, a ram, and a boar, because their prosperity came mostly from their live stock, and from these they also derived their affluence. This is the reason why many of the names of the ancient families are such as the Suillii (belonging to pigs), Bubulci (herdsman of oxen), Porcii (pig), as Fenestella has stated.”
Plutarch, Roman Questions
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2025-10-20 19:27:28 UTC

🔵 ROMAN ENVOYS ARRIVE AT ANTIOCH
“After the completion of the festival, the envoys with Tiberius Gracchus arrived, who had been sent from Rome to investigate the state of affairs in Syria. Antiochus received them with such tact and with so many expressions of kindness, that Tiberius not only had no suspicion that he was meditating any active step, or cherishing any sinister feeling on account of what had happened at Alexandria, but was even induced by the extraordinary kindness of his reception to discredit those who made any such suggestion. For, besides other courtesies, the king gave up his own hall for the use of the envoys, and almost his crown in appearance; although his true sentiments were not at all of this kind, and he was on the contrary profoundly incensed with the Romans.”
Polybius, histories
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2025-10-20 00:18:51 UTC

🟣 DALMATIAN CUSTOMS
“The Dalmatians have the peculiar custom of making a redistribution of land every seven years; and that they make no use of coined money is peculiar to them as compared with the other peoples in that part of the world, although as compared with many other barbarian peoples it is common.”
Strabo
https://blossom.primal.net/f0f29b786f9e7c1585613e7adf575f717da19120cd7ee06cab62fb00dceec28f.jpg

2025-10-10 20:06:36 UTC

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What is the black symbol ?

2025-10-10 20:04:52 UTC

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Probably playing tanki online

2025-10-09 16:25:44 UTC

“The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork.”
https://blossom.primal.net/b0c7544c9aca85fccc56e5957696d82a05f8fc810250072f0150a7699fd3fc7c.jpg

2025-10-05 08:49:18 UTC

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This real?😂

2025-09-28 20:36:04 UTC

🟢 IMAGINES
The Romans did not create what we would consider traditional death masks. Instead, they produced wax effigies called "imagines" during their lifetimes.
These weren't made after death, but rather during a man's lifetime, usually around the age of 35-40 when he achieved a certain political status. These imagines served a dual purpose: they were displayed at funerals to honor the deceased and connect the family to its illustrious past, and they signified a man's social and political prominence. Wax was the primary material used to create these lifelike portraits.
This practice differs significantly from modern death masks, which are typically plaster or wax casts taken directly from the deceased's face. Roman imagines were created during life and served a different social and cultural purpose, focusing more on celebrating a lifetime of achievement and maintaining family lineage than preserving a likeness after death.
https://blossom.primal.net/ceed3ff2eac41667acde369dc9733e5c8b945528aa336461a980e796f7592505.jpg

2025-09-27 20:27:55 UTC

Not Kosher, nor Halal, but delicious above all.
https://blossom.primal.net/dd0cbdc15ed7a12a2eec853a4045ca9c3917c9fbc59e658c90b9bd99b144b6e2.jpg

2025-09-25 19:18:19 UTC

🟤 KINGDOM TO REPUBLIC
“My first book contains the deeds of Rome's seven kings, viz.: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius (a descendant of Numa), Tarquinius, Servius Tullius, and Lucius Tarquinius, a son of the other Tarquinius. The first of these was the founder and builder of Rome, and although he governed it rather as a father than as an absolute monarch, he was nevertheless slain, or, as some think, translated. The second, not less kingly, but even more so than the first, died at the age of . . . The third was struck by lightning. The fourth died of a disease. The fifth was murdered by some shepherds. The sixth lost his life in a similar manner. The seventh was expelled from the city and kingdom for violating the laws. From that time kingly rule came to an end, and the administration of government was transferred to consuls.”
https://blossom.primal.net/ef50c0d7ed0cfcc8dd651257e1364e5967e3eef9af830b5f585ba940e2888b4b.jpg

2025-09-24 16:49:02 UTC

🔶 SISTER’S YOKE
7th century BC.
“When war arose between the Romans and the Albans, their leaders Hostilius and Fufetius decided to end it by the combat of a small number of men. On the side of the Romans, three brothers, named Horatii and on the side of the Albans, three other brothers, named Curiatii, were chosen by agreement. In the first encounter two Romans were killed, and the three Albans were injured. The last Horatius, seeing himself unable to defend himself against three, although he had not received any wounds, pretended to flee. The Curiatii pursued him at unequal intervals, as much as the pain of their wounds allowed; and one after the other, they were killed by him. As he returned laden with their spoils, he met his sister on the way, and she recognised the military cloak of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was engaged. When she began to cry, her brother killed her. For this he was condemned by the duumvirs, but he appealed to the people. His father's tears obtained his pardon, but on condition that he would pass under a yoke. This yoke is still in place on the street, and it is called the Sororium {"sister's yoke"}.”
https://blossom.primal.net/b05057f1f601ed25fa5b518423192dd517b6a0a3fabee265e1d0f9ac3d19d91e.jpg

2025-09-23 22:50:26 UTC

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2025-09-22 17:22:54 UTC

🔺 GALLIC AUXILIARIES VS PERSIAN HEAVY CAVALRY
“Publius himself, accordingly, cheered on his cavalry, made a vigorous charge with them, and closed with the enemy. But his struggle was an unequal one both offensively and defensively, for his thrusting was done with small and feeble spears against breastplates of raw hide and steel, whereas the thrusts of the enemy were made with pikes against the lightly equipped and unprotected bodies of the Gauls, since it was upon these that Publius chiefly relied, and with these he did indeed work wonders. For they laid hold of the long spears of the Parthians, and grappling with the men, pushed them from their horses, hard as it was to move them owing to the weight of their armour; and many of the Gauls forsook their own horses, and crawling under those of the enemy, stabbed them in the belly. These would rear up in their anguish, and die trampling on riders and foemen indiscriminately mingled. But the Gauls were distressed above all things by the heat and their thirst, to both of which they were unused; and most of their horseshad perished by being driven against the long spears.”
(The battle of Carrhae, 53 BC).
Plutarch
https://blossom.primal.net/9112f263f2148065e947c6e5763c6d79f619e10b0d8fb265d9466d3483296451.png

2025-09-22 17:21:21 UTC

🔵 VALERIAN WRITES GALLIENUS ON FUTURE EMPEROR PROBUS
"From Valerian the father to Gallienus the son, an Augustus to an Augustus. Following out the opinion which I have always held concerning Probus from his early youth, as well as that held by all good men, who say that he is a man worthy of his name, I have appointed him to a tribuneship, assigning six cohorts of Saracens and entrusting to him, besides, the Gallic irregulars along with that company of Persians which Artabassis the Syrian delivered over to us. Now I beg of you, my dearest son, to hold this young man, whom I wish all the lads to imitate, in the high honour that his virtues and his services call for in view of what is owed him by reason of the brilliance of his mind."
Historia Augusta, the life of Probus
https://blossom.primal.net/68ab3f1288c3c927c09f6b303ee9c78f43572e127a1932a2bc59a74e0b0b5618.png

2025-09-21 18:39:12 UTC

Hello fren!
https://blossom.primal.net/ea8a8d4efcadc2d5773f25750f19734a7403dc770651a357bb8692dd46f03863.jpg

2025-09-19 18:55:44 UTC

https://blossom.primal.net/c05d9cb4e0c58a8fbd60abb43abb621a18983bf4d0e1411b95d335e38a129950.mov

2025-09-18 16:51:34 UTC

Hagia Sophia
https://blossom.primal.net/51d8e8914ee51f25764de60980053f45211f6d535ee3237a2d99a2fec8543d5b.jpg

2025-09-17 22:03:42 UTC

Constantinople
https://blossom.primal.net/20ea0a0bc04ea3a13028247df5143559419111ca3639b564e7e500665483524f.jpg

2025-09-16 00:37:30 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/fQpkejV9W8k?si=VG_ve0Qb9QgJetHW

2025-09-15 21:41:13 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/yJR6GD7V1s0?feature=shared

2025-09-13 19:04:00 UTC

⚪️ THE CRUELTY OF THE SICELS
“Learn the fate that befell Marcus Regulus, the Roman general, after his capture by the Sicels (a Sicilian people). They cut off his eyelids with a knife and left his eyes open. Then, having penned him in a very small and narrow hut, they goaded to madness a wild elephant, and incited it to draw him down under itself and mangle him. Thus the great general, as though driven by an avenging fury, breathed his last and died a most wretched death. Xanthippus the Spartan also died at the hands of the Sicels. For round about Lilybaeum, a city of the Sicels, there was the clash of war between Romans and Sicels, war that had continued for twenty-four years. The Sicels, having suffered defeat in battle many times, offered to put their city in subjection to the Romans. The Romans, however, would not listen even to this offer but ordered the Sicels to go forth empty-handed. Xanthippus the Spartan, who had come from Sparta with a hundred soldiers (or alone, or with fifty soldiers, according to various authorities), approached the Sicels while they were yet hemmed in, and after conversing with them at length through an interpreter finally gave them courage to oppose their enemies. He clashed in battle with the Romans and with the aid of the Sicels cut to pieces their whole army. Yet for his good service he received a recompense worthy of and appropriate to that perverse people, since the foul wretches set him in a leaking ship and sank him beneath the swirling waters of the Adriatic, in their envy of the hero and of his nobility.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/dcc540ab9a674556d76b3bf1e8ac1df2bdc0e16ede0bbf0bcb852b6448238824.png

2025-09-13 19:03:24 UTC

🟢 ROMAN HOUSES
Stepping into a Roman house, you'd likely find yourself in the vestibulum, a small entryway. From there, you'd enter the atrium, the heart of the home.
Atrium: This large open room often featured an open roof with a central pool (impluvium) to collect rainwater. Sunlight streamed in, illuminating the room and highlighting decorative features.
Tablinum: Beyond the atrium, you might find the tablinum, a formal reception room where the head of the household conducted business or received guests.
Cubicula: These were the bedrooms, often small and simply furnished. Wealthier Romans might have multiple cubicula for family members.
Triclinium: This was the dining room, designed for reclining on couches while enjoying meals.
Culina: The kitchen was typically located towards the back of the house and was often small and basic.
Peristyle: Some larger houses had a peristyle, a colonnaded courtyard garden offering a more private and relaxing space.
Balneum: Wealthier Romans might have included a private bathhouse (balneum) within their homes, with hot and cold rooms.
https://blossom.primal.net/6b5596e9936065b692eb6bcff3d8982fd30bd6ae42dda920f5ad38b52252bf2b.jpg

2025-09-12 23:31:40 UTC

⚫️ A HEROIC SACRAFICE IN VAIN
“He sent horsemen to kill Piso. They rode so rapidly that they broke into the proconsul's residence in the half-light of the early dawn with drawn swords. The majority of them were unacquainted with Piso, for Festus had selected Carthaginian auxiliaries and Moors to accomplish the murder. Not far from Piso's bedroom a slave happened to meet them. The soldiers asked him who and where Piso was. The slave answered with an heroic falsehood that he was Piso, and was at once cut down. Yet soon after Piso was murdered; for there was present a man who recognized him.”
Tacitus, Histories
https://blossom.primal.net/f3fc43af4328174447037f1e6e97f0e049155f18c64c2c929c9ebd75e0750453.png

2025-09-11 21:15:06 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/iXFGCLy5M6w?si=sJdr5uHAIuAedHbS

2025-09-09 21:53:32 UTC

🔶 MAKING FUN OF PRISONERS OF WAR
“Aemilius on conquering the Insubres (Cis Alpine Gauls) celebrated a triumph, and in it conveyed the foremost captives clad in armour up to the Capitol, making jests at their expense because he had heard that they had sworn not to remove their breastplates until they had mounted to the Capitol.”
https://blossom.primal.net/4fd70d1e558bee539fb03e12780b91988874baafbf403af062451a4944348406.jpg

2025-09-09 21:46:04 UTC

- reply

“Depend upon it, sir, when a man knows he is to be hanged in a fortnight, it concentrates his mind wonderfully.”

2025-09-08 20:16:28 UTC

Hello, fren!
https://blossom.primal.net/02562c892b5d3da18f30da5f9404d8feee4fe49abd519d1a2d42457b95992826.png

2025-09-08 20:13:42 UTC

🔘 WHY DO THEY SUPPOSE JANUS TO HAVE BEEN TWO-FACED AND SO REPRESENT HIM IN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE?
“Is it because, as they relate, he was by birth a Greek from Perrhaebia, and, when he had crossed to Italy and had settled among the savages there, he changed both his speech and his habits? Or is it rather because he changed the people of Italy to another manner and form of life by persuading a people which had formerly made use of wild plants and lawless customs to till the soil and to live under organized government?”
Plutarch, Roman Questions
https://blossom.primal.net/16ad5968d7c6c7ed6b79cec8d20557aeb8a96b621cb1b3c6c9f79a79209a99a1.jpg

2025-09-08 20:10:54 UTC

🔵 THE HARBOR OF CARTHAGE
Carthage possessed two distinct harbors: a large, rectangular commercial harbor for merchant ships and a remarkable circular military harbor known as the Cothon.
The Cothon was a masterpiece of engineering, designed specifically for the Carthaginian navy. It was a perfectly circular basin, surrounded by a ring of structures that provided individual docking bays for warships, facilitating efficient maintenance and repair. An artificial island stood at the center of the Cothon.
The Cothon enabled the Carthaginians to build and maintain a formidable navy, The commercial harbor facilitated trade with other civilizations, bringing wealth and resources to the city.
https://blossom.primal.net/e45a48b1e66c4dd9e48bead1316b5722121c0aeee3489e6a58aebbf88c6c1b41.jpg

2025-09-07 20:47:36 UTC

🟣 DEFENDING WISELY
“And if the country be not easy to invade but have few and narrow approaches, you should prepare these in advance by such a distribution of forces as has just been described, placing soldiers at the approaches to oppose those who are attacking and wish to march upon the city, having stationed in advance other troops who are made aware by signal-fires of the fortunes of the several divisions, in order that these may bring support, if in any way they need one another's help. 17 If, on the other hand, the land is not difficult to invade, but it is possible for large forces to attack at many points, the strategic positions of the country should be seized, so that the approach to the city may be difficult for the enemy.”
https://blossom.primal.net/bd97c8c0e71495ea2cb2f84ecfa416703cb9e6ac38b305717c16e65464c07dd2.png

2025-09-07 15:57:39 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/u-80os27kJM?si=E-cnODXVMpbJSnEH

2025-09-07 11:51:35 UTC

⚪️ HIERO PAYS, SYRACUSE SAFE
“The Romans, after adding the forces of these cities to their own, advanced upon Syracuse, intending to besiege Hiero. But Hiero, perceiving the discontent of the Syracusans, sent envoys to the consuls to discuss a settlement, and inasmuch as the Romans were eager to have as their foe the Carthaginians alone, they readily consented and concluded a fifteen-year peace; the Romans received one hundred and fifty thousand drachmas; Hiero, on condition of returning the captives of war, was to continue as ruler of the Syracusans and of the cities subject to him, Acrae, Leontini, Megara, Helorum, Neetum, and Tauromenium.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/7835e90e71f51a8b97e66e69b637ccf781b3bc7e4cb4a3f35fbae5637c44b630.jpg

2025-09-06 23:06:28 UTC

🟢 THE ANCESTRAL DAYS
The Parentalia was a nine-day festival held in ancient Rome during the month of February to honor deceased family members. This period, known as the "dies parentales" or "ancestral days," began on February 13th and concluded on February 21st.
The Parentalia was primarily a private affair, with families visiting the tombs of their ancestors to pay their respects. These visits involved a variety of rituals. Food and drink offerings, such as milk, honey, wine, and bread, were left at the gravesites to nourish the spirits of the departed. Prayers and libations were also performed, seeking the continued goodwill and protection of the ancestors.
Beyond these private observances, the Parentalia also held a significant social and religious importance. It served to reinforce the strong emphasis on family ties and ancestral veneration within Roman society. Romans believed that maintaining harmonious relationships with their deceased ancestors was crucial for the well-being and prosperity of their families and the community as a whole. By honoring their ancestors, they believed they ensured continued support and protection from these revered spirits.
The final day of the Parentalia, February 21st, was marked by the Feralia, a public ceremony honoring all the dead. This public observance further emphasized the collective importance of respecting and remembering one's ancestors within Roman culture.
https://blossom.primal.net/d51c4d855289e1365b3956582bd17051eca0b0371521aab918b50d96a79ce9f7.jpg

2025-09-05 20:47:51 UTC

🟤 LETTER FROM CONSTANTINE TO SHAPUR
A part:
3.11.10 “You may well see how delighted I am to hear that this company of my fellow servants—I mean Christians (for my whole message is about them)—abundantly adorns even the finest parts of Persia, in accord with my wishes. Now if you do what is proper and allow them to live happily, then may you accrue happiness, for they are your subjects.”
3.11.11 “Then God, the Lord of all, will be gentle, gracious, and kind toward you. Since you are so mighty and distinguished by piety, I commend them to you. I entrust the task of guiding them (I mean the Christians) to the overseers of the pious worship of God among them. Love them as befits your philanthropy. You will do an indescribable favor for yourself and for us through faith.”
3.11.12 “The all-excellent Emperor Constantine cared for those adorned with piety toward Christ so much that he not only looked after his own subjects but also took care for those living under other regimes, if possible. Therefore he enjoyed the care of God from above, and as he held the reins of all the inhabitants of the Roman world, even of the barbarians, his willing officials and subjects joyfully obeyed the bridle of his will.”
https://blossom.primal.net/ed15c260a216afe6d68b3ebe410840d464c4e862cc4bb43ef074c36f66f5096a.png

2025-09-03 17:58:54 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/2EDambizUE4?si=YCOIastkCyUtNqfj

2025-09-03 17:34:24 UTC

🔵 HANNIBAL PERSUADES THE SENATE
“It was then that the story goes that, upon a certain Senator intending to speak against accepting the terms and actually beginning to do so, Hannibal came forward and pulled the man down from the tribune; and when the other senators showed anger at this breach of custom, Hannibal rose again and "owned that he was ignorant of such things; but said that they must pardon him if he acted in any way contrary to their customs, remembering that he had left the country when he was but fourteen, and had only returned when now past forty-five. Therefore he begged them not to consider whether he had committed a breach of custom, but much rather whether he were genuinely feeling for his country's misfortunes; for that was the real reason for his having been guilty of this breach of manners. For it appeared to him to be astonishing, and, indeed, quite unaccountable, that any one calling himself a Carthaginian, and being fully aware of the policy which they had individually and collectively adopted against the Romans, should do otherwise than adore the kindness of Fortune for obtaining such favourable terms, when in their power, as a few days ago no one—considering the extraordinary provocation they had given—would have ventured to mention, if they had been asked what they expected would happen to their country, in case of the Romans proving victorious. Therefore he called upon them now not to debate, but unanimously to accept the terms offered, and with sacrifices to the gods to pray with one accord that the Roman people might confirm the treaty." His advice being regarded as both sensible and timely, they resolved to sign the treaty on the conditions specified; and the senate at once despatched envoys to notify their consent.”
Polybius, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/76436cf32ce48352961a1e616d44901d1bacfa90523c683cd816e8ea543bb83d.jpg

2025-08-31 22:30:19 UTC

⚪️ WINNING VS TRULY WINNING
“The Phoenicians and Romans fought a naval battle; afterwards, in consideration of the magnitude of the war that lay before them, they sent envoys to the consul to discuss terms of friendship. There was much discussion, and both sides engaged in acrimonious debate: the Phoenicians said that they marvelled how the Romans could venture to cross over into Sicily, inasmuch as the Carthaginians had control of the seas; for it was obvious to all that if they did not maintain friendly relations, the Romans would not dare even to wash their hands in the sea. The Romans, for their part, advised the Carthaginians not to teach them to meddle with maritime affairs, since the Romans, so they asserted, were pupils who always outstripped their masters. For example, in ancient times, when they were using rectangular shields, the Etruscans, who fought with round shields of bronze and in phalanx formation, impelled them to adopt similar arms and were in consequence defeated. Then again, when other peoples were using shields such as the Romans now use, and were fighting by maniples, they had imitated both and had overcome those who introduced the excellent models. From the Greeks they had learned siegecraft and the use of engines of war for demolishing walls, and had then forced the cities of their teachers to do their bidding. So now, should the Carthaginians compel them to learn naval warfare, they would soon see that the pupils had become superior to their teachers.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/43cb44ca3065d7273975aeceb26dd93d940957032dae9bf29e557dfc9c629e01.jpg

2025-08-31 20:33:18 UTC

🟢 MILITARY EXERCISE
“if any one does but attend to the other parts of their military discipline, he will be forced to confess that their obtaining so large a dominion hath been the acquisition of their valor, and not the bare gift of fortune; for they do not begin to use their weapons first in time of war, nor do they then put their hands first into motion, while they avoided so to do in times of peace; but, as if their weapons did always cling to them, they have never any truce from warlike exercises; nor do they stay till times of war admonish them to use them; for their military exercises differ not at all from the real use of their arms, but every soldier is every day exercised, and that with great diligence, as if it were in time of war, which is the reason why they bear the fatigue of battles so easily; for neither can any disorder remove them from their usual regularity, nor can fear affright them out of it, nor can labor tire them; which firmness of conduct makes them always to overcome those that have not the same firmness; nor would he be mistaken that should call those their exercises unbloody battles, and their battles bloody exercises.”
Flavius Josephus, The Wars Of The Jews
https://blossom.primal.net/0ceb3560b60c98167b098c2b062fd65573228051dd072dfa88b9ef953aa83629.jpg

2025-08-31 19:55:53 UTC

Read this:
“What thou sayest,” replied Cineas, “is probably true; but will our expedition stop with the taking of Sicily?” “Heaven grant us,” said Pyrrhus, “victory and success so far; and we will make these contests but the preliminaries of great enterprises. For who could keep his hands off Libya, or Carthage, when that city got within his reach, a city which Agathocles, slipping stealthily out of Syracuse and crossing the sea with a few ships, narrowly missed taking? And when we have become masters here, no one of the enemies who now treat us with scorn will offer further resistance; there is no need of saying that.” “None whatever,” said Cineas, “for it is plain that with so great a power we shall be able to recover Macedonia and rule Greece securely. But when we have got everything subject to us, what are we going to do?” Then Pyrrhus smiled upon him and said: “We shall be much at ease, and we’ll drink bumpers, my good man, every day, and we’ll gladden one another’s hearts with confidential talks.” And now that Cineas had brought Pyrrhus to this point in the argument, he said: “Then what stands in our way now if we want to drink bumpers and while away the time with one another? Surely this privilege is ours already, and we have at hand, without taking any trouble, those things to which we hope to attain by bloodshed and great toils and perils, after doing much harm to others and suffering much ourselves.”

2025-08-31 19:51:40 UTC

The OutdoorBoys youtuber makes great video’s.

2025-08-31 19:48:30 UTC

I’m getting out of a tough few years slowly but surely. Because of stubborness and prayer.
Unstoppable.

2025-08-31 19:45:42 UTC

I get dopamine from watching dopamine fasting video’s.

2025-08-29 21:56:59 UTC

🟤 MEDITATIONS BY MARCUS AURELIUS
Meditations by Marcus Aurelius is a collection of personal writings by the Roman Emperor, composed between 170 and 180 AD. Originally titled "Things for Himself," it was never intended for publication.
The work is deeply rooted in Stoic philosophy, emphasizing virtue, reason, and living in accordance with nature. Aurelius uses the book as a tool for personal growth, reflecting on his own thoughts, emotions, and actions. He emphasizes the importance of living in the present moment, rather than dwelling on the past or worrying about the future.
Stoicism teaches that some things are beyond our control, and we should accept them rather than resist. As a ruler, Aurelius felt a strong sense of duty to serve the public good and to live a virtuous life.
https://blossom.primal.net/8862e54f742ce02096de56ce84258e198e3d69fc46470beafe56cf372e1fd30a.png

2025-08-27 18:58:45 UTC

- reply

Looks like a horse 😂

2025-08-27 16:15:15 UTC

🔶 THE FAMOUS LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA
“This Ptolemy (III Euergetes) is said to have given sufficient proof of his eagerness to collect old books, by his behaviour towards the Athenians. After giving them fifteen talents of silver as a surety, he received from them the manuscripts of Sophocles and Euripides and Aeschylus, on the understanding that he would simply make new copies from the manuscripts, and then promptly return them intact. But after he had produced magnificent new copies on the finest writing material, he kept the books that the Athenians had sent to him, and sent back to them the copies that he had made. He urged them to keep the fifteen talents, and at the same time to receive new copies instead of the old books that they had sent to him. The Athenians would have had no other option, even if he had kept the old books without sending new copies to them, because when they accepted the money, they had agreed that if he kept the books, then they would keep the money; and so they accepted the new copies and kept the money.”
https://blossom.primal.net/144861e2611792bc29c9deb8d1c673cb52b81632febea5767d269feea2b20027.jpg

2025-08-27 16:13:33 UTC

🔵 TERMS MADE
“The following are the heads of the terms offered them:—The Carthaginians to retain the towns in Libya, of which they were possessed before they commenced the last war against Rome, and the territory which they also heretofore held, with its cattle, slaves, and other stock: and from that day should not be subject to acts of hostility, should enjoy their own laws and customs, and not have a Roman garrison in their city. These were the concessions favourable to them. The clauses of an opposite character were as follows:—The Carthaginians to pay an indemnity to the Romans for all wrongs committed during the truce; to restore all captives and runaway slaves without limit of time; to hand over all their ships of war except ten triremes, and all elephants; to go to war with no people outside Libya at all, and with none in Libya without consent from Rome; to restore to Massanissa all houses, territory, and cities belonging to him or his ancestors within the frontiers assigned to that king; to supply the Roman army with provisions for three months, and with pay, until such time as an answer shall be returned from Rome on the subject of the treaty; to pay ten thousand talents of silver in fifty years, two hundred Euboic talents every year; to give a hundred hostages of their good faith, —such hostages to be selected from the young men of the country by the Roman general, and to be not younger than fourteen or older than thirty years.”
Polybius, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/bdf6c199428ca1f4862c71398b29a82957fc51afb3c6c68b31fbb80ae76857bb.png

2025-08-24 22:15:19 UTC

🟡 DEBT PAYMENTS
“When Marcus Manlius, the patrician, saved the city of Rome from a Gallic invasion, he received the highest honors.
At a later period when he saw an old man, who had often fought for his country, reduced to servitude by a money lender, he paid the debt for him. Being highly commended for this act, he released all his own debtors from their obligations. His glory being much increased thereby, he paid the debts of many others. Being much elated by his popularity, he even proposed that all debts should be cancelled, or that the people should sell the lands that had not yet been distributed and apply the proceeds for the relief of debtors.”
Appian, the foreign war
https://blossom.primal.net/3afb4d990f4f34909d6a3681b519755d96df731c735fcb17b98e6c9d5e8693dd.jpg

2025-08-22 19:42:58 UTC

🟤 THE CELTIC WOMEN
“Before the Celts crossed over the Alps and settled in that part of Italy which is now their home, a dire and persistent factional discord broke out among them which went on and on to the point of civil war. The women, however, put themselves between the armed forces, and, taking up the controversies, arbitrated and decided them with such irreproachable fairness that a wondrous friendship of all towards all was brought about between both States and families. As the result of this they continued to consult with the women in regard to war and peace, and to decide through them any disputed matters in their relations with their allies. At all events, in their treaty with Hannibal they wrote the provision that, if the Celts complained against the Carthaginians, the governors and generals of the Carthaginians in Spain should be the judges; and if the Carthaginians complained against the Celts, the judges should be the Celtic women.”
Plutarch
https://blossom.primal.net/52665215452443209f9b7e8f00ff28ebddf3f74385101766e2a7e0a73531df89.jpg

2025-08-21 21:01:24 UTC

🔶 ROYAL DECREE OF PTOLEMY XIII AND CLEOPATRA VII
Greek text:
Date: 50 B.C.
For an explanation of the background to this decree, see D. Thompson, "Nile grain-transport under the Ptolemies", pp.74-75 ( academia. edu ).
“By decree of the king and queen. No one purchasing wheat or pulse from the nomes above Memphis shall carry it down to the low country or yet carry it up to the Thebaid on any pretext, though all may transport it to Alexandria free of question, on pain of being liable to death if detected. Whoever wishes shall inform the strategos of his nome about contraventions of this order, on the understanding that he shall receive the third part of the property of the person found guilty, or, if he be a slave, shall be freed and in addition receive the sixth part. Year 3, Phaophi 23. {Docketed} I, Horus, district scribe, acting through Onias, scribe, have posted up one copy of the foregoing decree. Year 3, Hathur [.]5.”
https://blossom.primal.net/ee5faafe62ae19f3d553dbeeb21c31881891fce56c8d9bacad7b39d8c3f7697d.png

2025-08-20 21:29:28 UTC

🔺 THE REPUTATION OF THE PARTHIANS
“The embassy, accordingly, rode away to King Hyrodes (or Arsaces, king of Parthia 57 BC - 37 BC), to tell him there must be war. But from the cities of Mesopotamia in which the Romans had garrisons, certain men made their escape at great hazard and brought tidings of serious import. They had been eyewitnesses both of the numbers of the enemy and of their mode of warfare when they attacked their cities, and, as is usual, they exaggerated all the terrors of their report. "When the men pursued," they declared, "there was no escaping them, and when they fled, there was no taking them; and strange missiles are the precursors of their appearance, which pierce through every obstacle before one sees who sent them; and as for the armour of their mail-clad horsemen, some of it is made to force its way through everything, and some of it to give way to nothing." When the soldiers heard this, their courage ebbed away. For they had been fully persuaded that the Parthians were not different at all from the Armenians or even the Cappadocians, whom Lucullus had robbed and plundered till he was weary of it, and they had thought that the most difficult part of the war would be the long journey and the pursuit of men who would not come to close quarters; but now, contrary to their hopes, they were led to expect a struggle and great peril.”
Plutarch
https://blossom.primal.net/46dc0af9cd04b05a9d9012beaae4bb81f8a2d9d58e1ce97e898ccb19bec6c8bd.png

2025-08-18 20:45:11 UTC

🔵 POLYBIUS ON THE BATTLE OF ZAMA
“All arrangements for the battle being complete, and the two opposing forces of Numidian cavalry having been for some time engaged in skirmishing attacks upon each other, Hannibal gave the word to the men on the elephants to charge the enemy. But as they heard the horns and trumpets braying all round them, some of the elephants became unmanageable and rushed back upon the Numidian contingents of the Carthaginian army; and this enabled Massanissa with great speed to deprive the Carthaginian left wing of its cavalry support. The rest of the elephants charged the Roman velites in the spaces between the maniples of the line, and while inflicting much damage on the enemy suffered severely themselves; until, becoming frightened, some of them ran away down the vacant spaces, the Romans letting them pass harmlessly along, according to Scipio's orders, while others ran away to the right under a shower of darts from the cavalry, until they were finally driven clear off the field.
It was just at the moment of this stampede of the elephants, that Laelius forced the Carthaginian cavalry into headlong flight, and along with Massanissa pressed them with a vigorous pursuit. While this was going on, the opposing lines of heavy infantry were advancing to meet others with deliberate step and proud confidence, except Hannibal's "army of Italy," which remained in its original position.”
Polybius, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/182697cfc71c1390ee4115db51b571d5236706166395a8c72679cbaa375fd614.jpg

2025-08-16 12:48:43 UTC

- reply

They are left holding the bag

2025-08-15 13:21:20 UTC

🟢 ROMAN PARIS
The Parisii, a Celtic tribe, inhabited the area before the Roman conquest in 52 BC.
“The Parisii live round about the Sequana River, having an island in the river and a city called Lucotocia” (Strabo)
During Roman times, Paris was known as Lutetia. The Romans conquered the area in 52 BC, establishing a Gallo-Roman town on the Île de la Cité, which is the heart of modern Paris.
Lutetia grew into a significant urban center with an amphitheater, public baths, a forum, and temples. Its location on the Seine River made it an important trading hub. The Romans brought their language, culture, and architectural styles to Lutetia, leaving a lasting impact on the city's development.
Today, you can still see remnants of Roman Paris in the Arènes de Lutèce (an amphitheater), the Thermes de Cluny (remains of public baths), and the Crypte Archéologique beneath the Notre Dame Cathedral.
https://blossom.primal.net/8a602a55158aa17c51c2c93caf2b0bafc132849361e4ce3f68f6d9a2fabc9a5c.jpg

2025-08-14 15:16:55 UTC

I think every person is a high value person because they have a soul.

2025-08-12 20:38:47 UTC

🟡 THE ASCENT OF CAMILLUS
“Bad omens from Jupiter were observed after the capture of Veii. The soothsayers said that some religious duty had been neglected, and Camillus remembered that it had been forgotten to appropriate a tenth of the plunder to the god that had given the oracle concerning the lake.
Accordingly the Senate decreed that those who had taken anything from Veii should make an estimate, each one for himself, and bring in a tenth of it under oath. Their religious feeling was such that they did not hesitate to add to the votive offering a tenth of the produce of the land that had already been sold, as well as of the spoils. With the money thus obtained they sent to the temple of Delphi a golden cup which stood on a pedestal of brass in the treasury of Rome and Massiliat until Onomarchus melted the cup during the Phocæan war. The pedestal is still standing.
Camillus was afterwards accused before the people of being himself the author of those bad omens and portents. The people, who had been for some time set against him, fined him heavily, having no pity for him although he had recently lost a son. His friends contributed the money in order that the person of Camillus might not be disgraced. In deep grief he went into exile in the city of Ardea, praying the prayer of Achilles that the time might come when the Romans would long for Camillus. And in fact this came to pass very soon, for when the Gauls captured the city, the people fled for succor to Camillus and again chose him Dictator, as has been told in my Gallic history.”
Appian, the foreign wars
https://blossom.primal.net/3aa6a198c64a0721336b5d89450cb7e2ab2a2c0eda0afbb96da5cace031670fb.jpg

2025-08-11 22:56:11 UTC

🟤 JUGURTHA JOINS SCIPIO AT NUMANTIA
“While passing through the territory of the Caucæi, whose treaty with the Romans Lucullus had violated, he made proclamation that they might return in safety to their own homes. Thence he came again to the Numantine territory and went into winter quarters. Here Jugurtha, the grandson of Masinissa, joined him with twelve elephants and the body of archers and slingers who usually accompanied them in war.
While Scipio was constantly ravaging and plundering the neighboring country, the enemy laid an ambush for him at a certain village which was surrounded on nearly all sides by a marshy pool. On the remaining side was a ravine in which the ambuscading party was hidden. Scipio's soldiers were divided so that one part entered the village to plunder it, leaving the standards outside, while another, but not large party, was coursing around it on horseback.
The men in ambush fell upon the latter, who began a desperate fight. Scipio, who happened to be standing in front of the village near the standards, recalled by trumpet those who had gone inside, and before he had collected a thousand men went to the aid of the horsemen who were in difficulties. The greater part of those who were in the village rushed out and put the enemy to flight. He did not pursue the fugitives, however, but returned to the camp, a few having fallen on each side.”
Appian
https://blossom.primal.net/81d6765d1a7c826b6f9cddab4ca63d488c74f245b085431aa55b23727ee995d5.png

2025-08-11 16:13:26 UTC

🔶 CONTRACT WITH STONE CUTTERS
Greek text:
Date: 2nd cent. A.D.
“Copy. To Antonia Asclepias also called Cyria, through her guardian Apollonius, from Aselas son of Alexander and Apollonius son of Amois and of Tauris, both of Oxyrhynchus. We undertake to cut the squared building-stones transportable by camel, to be taken from the northern quarry for the house of you, Antonia, in the quarter of Pammenes' Garden, at the following rate of payment: the outer squared camel stones at 4 drachmas for 16, the inner at 4 drachmas for 20, the antiblemata at 3 drachmas for 100 squared camel stones, oblong corner-stones at 8 drachmasfor 16 outer squared camel stones and at 8 drachmas for 30 inner ones, axe-hewn squared camel stones at 4 drachmas for 50 and axe-hewn squared camel corner-stones at 8 drachmas for 50. All the aforesaid stones we will cut, but no ornamentation shall be required of us. Each of us shall also receive for each day that he works one loaf and relish. If the builders need assistance from stone-cutters, we or one of us will assist them, each man receiving 4 drachmas as wages for each day's assistance and each of us likewise one loaf and relish for each day. Until the 22nd of the present month of Epeiph you have the right to transfer to others this contract for cutting the aforesaid squared camel stones from the northern quarry. . . The engagement is valid. Year . . .”
https://blossom.primal.net/b0f1a7ac59ed254bb6ea1a3f08112856e4be2f2b14b250c3b72b3109c82b5e08.png

2025-08-09 09:54:57 UTC

🔘 JUSTINIAN BUILDS THE HAGIA SOPHIA
“Some men of the common herd, all the rubbish of the city, once rose up against the Emperor Justinian in Byzantium, when they brought about the rising called the Nika Insurrection, which has been described by me in detail and without any concealment in Books on the Wars. And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call "Sophia," an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeingº into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins. But the Emperor Justinian built not long afterwards a church so finely shaped, that if anyone had enquired of the Christians before the burning if it would be their wish that the church should be destroyed and one like this should take its place, shewing them some sort of model of the building we now see, it seems to me that they would have prayed that they might see their church destroyed forthwith, in order that the building might be converted into its present form. At any rate the Emperor, disregarding all questions of expense, eagerly pressed on to begin the work of construction, and began to gather all the artisans from the whole world. And Anthemius of Tralles, the most learned man in the skilled craft which is known as the art of building, not only of all his contemporaries, but also when compared with those who had lived long before him, ministered to the Emperor's enthusiasm, duly regulating the tasks of the various artisans, and preparing in advance designs of the future construction; and associated with him with another master-builder, Isidorus by name, a Milesian by birth, a man who was intelligent and worthy to assist the Emperor Justinian. Indeed this also was an indication of the honour in which God held the Emperor, that He had already provided the men who would be most serviceable to him in the tasks which were waiting to be carried out. And one might with good reason marvel at the discernment of the Emperor himself, in that out of the whole world he was able to select the men who were most suitable for the most important of his enterprises.”
“So the church has become a spectacle of marvellous beauty, overwhelming to those who see it, but to those who know it by hearsay altogether incredible. For it soars to a height to match the sky, and as if surging up from amongst the other buildings it stands on high and looks down upon the remainder of the city, adorning it, because it is a part of it, but glorying in its own beauty, because, though a part of the city and dominating it, it at the same time towers above it to such a height that the whole city is viewed from there as from a watch-tower. Both its breadth and its length have been so carefully proportioned, that it may not improperly be said to be exceedingly long and at the same time unusually broad. And it exults in an indescribable beauty.”
Procopius, buildings
https://blossom.primal.net/6a8a3f1b06579b22a49bdb8690adfc6043aca45eab9b7109c38a9646b47b8cee.png

2025-08-07 22:09:56 UTC

🔵 SPEECH OF SCIPIO
He called upon them, "Remembering their former victories, to show themselves to be men of mettle and worthy their reputation and their country. To put before their eyes that the effect of their victory would be not only to make them complete masters of Libya, but to give them and their country the supremacy and undisputed lordship of the world. But if the result of the battle were unfavourable, those who fell fighting gallantly would have the record of having died for their country, while those that saved themselves by flight would spend the rest of their days as objects of pitying contempt and scorn. For there was no place in Libya which could secure their safety if they fled; while, if they fell into the hands of the Carthaginians, no one who looked facts in the face could doubt what would happen to them. May none of you," he added, "learn that by experience! Since, then, Fortune puts before us the most glorious of rewards, in whichever way the battle is decided, should we not be at once the most mean-spirited and foolish of mankind if we abandon the most glorious alternative, and from a paltry clinging to life deliberately choose the worst of misfortunes? Charge the enemy then with the steady resolve to do one of two things, to conquer or to die! For it is men thus minded who invariably conquer their opponents, since they enter the field with no other hope of life."
Polybius, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/871454004f07c63c7cba1c17b1132f7494fa5d71a09dcb152b3636ad1c72e3d2.png

2025-08-07 21:57:33 UTC

🟣 (EASTERN) ROMAN DINES WITH ATILLA
“After the songs, a Scythian entered, a crazy fellow who told a lot of strange and completely false stories, not a word of truth in them, which made everyone laugh. Following him came the moor, Zerkon, totally disorganized in appearance, clothes, voice and words. By mixing up the languages of the Italians with those of the Huns and Goths, he fascinated everyone and made them break out into uncontrollable laughter, all that is except Attila. He remained impassive, without any change of expression, and neither by word or gesture did he seem to share in the merriment except that when his youngest son, Ernas, came in and stood by him, he drew the boy towards him and looked at him with gentle eyes. I was surprised that he paid no attention to his other sons, and only had time for this one. But the barbarian at my side, who understood Italian and what I had said about the boy, warned me not to speak up, and said that the seers had told Attila that his family would be banished but would be restored by this son.”
(448 AD) Priscus
https://blossom.primal.net/48d29d15336c1099790244b2373d40571dabd02057dcc4f22aeee5df7a90f8a2.jpg

2025-08-06 23:06:10 UTC

Hello fren 🖐🏼
https://blossom.primal.net/83e25349ccfb7c6daeea13dd6f224b264408b10f78e52759b2eef88f630886a4.jpg

2025-08-06 19:59:59 UTC

⚪️ SAVED BY THE SACRED GEESE OF HERA
“A certain Cominius Pontius undertook to get the cheerful news to the men on the Capitoline. Starting out alone and swimming the river by night, he got unseen to a cliff of the Capitoline that was hard to climb and, hauling himself up it with difficulty, told the soldiers on the Capitoline about the troops that had been collected in Veii and how they were watching for an opportunity and would attack the Celts. Then, descending by the way he had mounted and swimming the Tiber, he returned to Veii. The Celts, when they observed the tracks of one who had recently climbed up, made plans to ascend at night by the same cliff. Consequently about the middle of the night, while the guards were neglectful of their watch because of the strength of the place, some Celts started an ascent of the cliff. They escaped detection by the guards, but the sacred geese of Hera, which were kept there, noticed the climbers and set up a cackling. The guards rushed to the place and the Celts deterred did not dare proceed farther. A certain Marcus Mallius, a man held in high esteem, rushing to the defence of the place, cut off the hand of the climber with his sword and, striking him on the breast with his shield, rolled him from the cliff. In like manner the second climber met his death, whereupon the rest all quickly turned in flight. But since the cliff was precipitous they were all hurled headlong and perished. As a result of this, when the Romans sent ambassadors to negotiate a peace, they were persuaded, upon receipt of one thousand pounds of gold, to leave the city and to withdraw from Roman territory.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/364fd85d03398340f06b45cffec5e5536538ca05de1d6e2a31b05a41e863c7f2.png

2025-08-06 19:59:22 UTC

“The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork.”

2025-08-06 19:57:32 UTC

🟢 SERVILIA CAEPIONIS
Servilia Caepionis was a prominent Roman woman from a distinguished family. She was the daughter of Quintus Servilius Caepio, a Roman general, and the maternal half-sister of Cato the Younger.
Servilia married Marcus Junius Brutus, with whom she had a son, also named Marcus Junius Brutus, who would later become famous for his role in the assassination of Julius Caesar. After Brutus's death, she married Decimus Junius Silanus.
Servilia is best known for her affair with Julius Caesar. Plutarch, the ancient biographer, suggests that Servilia was deeply in love with Caesar. This affair adds a layer of complexity to the events surrounding Caesar's assassination, as her son Brutus was one of the conspirators.
https://blossom.primal.net/0cb39c4c781956e0c49570e3d05e3012ebcbaff74985c7dc602f1c1c8044fd85.png

2025-08-06 19:55:59 UTC

https://youtube.com/shorts/uHy8eTim_jE?si=iviqXwT6CFYfWfMg

2025-08-01 20:26:55 UTC

🟤 AEMILIANUS AND THE NUMANTINES
The Numantine War (143-133 BC) was the final and most devastating conflict of the Celtiberian Wars. It centered around the city of Numantia, a fiercely independent Celtiberian stronghold in Hispania (modern-day Spain).
The Romans had struggled to subdue the Celtiberians throughout earlier conflicts, and Numantia proved to be an especially formidable challenge. Repeated Roman attempts to conquer the city met with fierce resistance and ultimately failed. In 134 BC, Scipio Aemilianus, a general who had previously triumphed in the Third Punic War, was appointed to command the Roman forces in Hispania.
Scipio implemented a plan to isolate and starve the city into submission. He constructed a series of fortified camps that encircled Numantia, cutting off the city's access to supplies and reinforcements. He also limited water access, further restricting the city's resources. Roman engineers utilized battering rams and other siege engines to breach the city walls.
The Numantines mounted frequent sorties against the Roman camps, and endured prolonged periods of starvation and hardship without surrendering.
After a protracted siege, facing starvation and despair, the Numantines chose a tragic path. They decided to commit mass suicide rather than surrender to the Romans. In 133 BC, the Romans entered the city and found it largely deserted, with many of the inhabitants having taken their own lives.
The fall of Numantia ended the Celtiberian Wars and solidified Roman control over Hispania.
https://blossom.primal.net/20066a785534bf01c0ae930ce617d1a963c3956bc7c9771a42764810dffc4cfb.jpg

2025-07-31 20:48:13 UTC

🔶 CHRISTIAN PRAYER 5TH OR 6TH CENTURY AD
“Greek text:
Date: 5th or 6th cent. A.D.
O God almighty, holy, true, benevolent, Creator, Father of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, reveal to me your truth, whether it is your will that I go to Chiout. Shall I find you aiding me and gracious? So be it; Amen!”
https://blossom.primal.net/01da5102dd17612489013bb881aba66f9504510730c1d98a8647642d19c9e013.png

2025-07-30 02:13:13 UTC

🔺 WHAT WAS A SIGNIFER?
The signifer was a non-commissioned officer within a Roman centuria (a unit of around 80-100 men).
Their primary role was to carry the signum, the standard specific to that centuria. This signum served as a visual identifier for the unit and a rallying point in battle. the signum often consisted of a pole topped with a manus (an open hand) made of bronze or silver. Below the manus, there might be a number of phalerae (metal discs or medallions) awarded to the centuria for valorous deeds or to individual soldiers. Sometimes, small religious images or other symbolic decorations were also attached.
Importantly, the signifer also acted as the paymaster and banker for the soldiers within their centuria, holding their savings. They were typically experienced and trustworthy veterans, earning double the basic soldier's pay.
https://blossom.primal.net/d70b0757bcb5211892a5ef575937cf4981530a1ba8dabd60898a20cc0d070411.jpg

2025-07-28 20:59:43 UTC

🔘 THE CHRISTIANS AND JEWS OF RAVENNA
“Then Theoderic made Eutharicus consul and celebrated triumphs at Rome and at Ravenna. This Eutharicus was an excessively rough man, and an enemy to the Catholic faith. After this, while Theoderic was remaining at Verona through fear of the neighbouring peoples, strife arose between the Christians and the Jews of the city of Ravenna; accordingly the Jews, being unwilling to be baptised, often in sport threw the holy water that was offered to them into the water of the river. Because of this the people were fired with anger, and without respect for the king, for Eutharicus, or for Peter, who was bishop at the time, they rose against the synagogues and presently set them on fire. And this same thing happened in a similar affair at Rome.”
The Anonymus Valesianus
https://blossom.primal.net/7c6e4a7915a9ecc5a6ff0d0862721ab1d128598f2485da4cce1a7133b0efe912.png

2025-07-28 18:37:56 UTC

🔵 MAXENTIUS AND CONSTANTINE
Constantine married Fausta, the sister of Maxentius, which could be seen as a political alliance or at least a family connection.
Both men sought to consolidate their power and control over the Roman Empire, leading to a growing rivalry. This rivalry ultimately escalated into open conflict. The decisive confrontation occurred at the Battle of Milvian Bridge near Rome in 312.
Constantine strategically positioned his forces near the bridge, a vital crossing point over the Tiber River. Maxentius established strong defensive positions to guard the bridge. The battle was fierce, with both sides engaging in intense combat.
According to later Christian accounts, Constantine had a vision prior to the battle, where he saw a luminous cross in the sky with the inscription "In this sign conquer."
Constantine's forces prevailed. Maxentius, attempting to flee across the bridge, drowned in the Tiber River.
https://blossom.primal.net/2e37b5d3679f2f4b24f4ca40aa4eb4055ef88dc5e1587c08e33ed62f8de58cca.jpg

2025-07-28 16:23:08 UTC

- reply

Good take.

2025-07-27 21:39:19 UTC

🟣 “OUTDONE BY US ROMANS”
"[In great buildings] as well as in other things the rest of the world has been outdone by us Romans. If, indeed, all the buildings in our City are considered in the aggregate, and supposing them - so to say - all thrown together in one vast mass, the united grandeur of them would lead one to imagine that we were describing another world, accumulated in a single spot.
Not to mention among our great works the Circus Maximus, that was built by the Dictator Caesar - one stadium broad and three in length - and occupying with the adjacent buildings no less than four iugera [about 2 acres] with room for no less than 160,000 spectators seated - am I not, however, to include in the number of our magnificent structures the Basilica of Paulus with its admirable Phrygian columns [built also in Julius Caesar's day], the Forum of the late Emperor Augustus, the Temple of Peace erected by the Emperor Vespasian Augustus - some of the finest work the world has ever seen? [and many others].”
Pliny the Elder
https://blossom.primal.net/9b17f615a19e7e7a7521a00cc2b1be5d0fc2ed1fa16a7ae7744e47562dbfee1b.jpg

2025-07-26 17:10:23 UTC

The Spanish asked the Aztecs to make em folded bread in the Arabian way.
The Aztecs did it but used other ingrediënts and TACO’S were born.

2025-07-26 14:28:58 UTC

Thank God for God.

2025-07-26 11:03:32 UTC

⚪️ THE CELTS ENTER ROME
“For the Celts spent the first day cutting off, according to their custom, the heads of the dead. And for two days they lay encamped before the city, for when they saw the walls deserted and yet heard the noise made by those who were transferring their most useful possessions to the acropolis, they suspected that the Romans were planning a trap for them. But on the fourth day, after they had learned the true state of affairs, they broke down the gates and pillaged the city except for a few dwellings on the Palatine. After this they delivered daily assaults on strong positions, without, however, inflicting any serious hurt upon their opponents and with the loss of many of their own troops. Nevertheless, they did not relax their ardour, expecting that, even if they did not conquer by force, they would wear down the enemy in the course of time, when the necessities of life had entirely given out.”
Diodorus Siculus
https://blossom.primal.net/0cd292bbda63d033295c4c80a1c8de90d81f0e02d8f77dc7ba7c45d4c3a977ca.png

2025-07-25 18:21:25 UTC

⚫️ DECLARING FOR VESPASIAN
“Before the fifteenth of July all Syria had sworn the same allegiance. Vespasian's cause was now joined also by Sohaemus with his entire kingdom, whose strength was not to be despised, and by Antiochus who had enormous ancestral wealth, and was in fact the richest of the subject princes. Presently Agrippa, summoned from Rome by private messages from his friends, while Vitellius was still unaware of his action, quickly crossed the sea and joined the cause. Queen Berenice showed equal spirit in helping Vespasian's party: she had great youthful beauty, and commended herself to Vespasian for all his years by the splendid gifts she made him. All the provinces on the coast to the frontiers of Achaia and Asia, as well as all the inland provinces as far as Pontus and Armenia, took the oath of allegiance; but their governors had no armed forces, since Cappadocia had as yet no legions. A grand council was held at Berytus. Mucianus came there with all his lieutenants and tribunes, as well as his most distinguished centurions and soldiers; the army in Judea also sent its best representatives. This great concourse of foot and horse, with princes who rivalled one another in splendid display, made a gathering that befitted the high fortune of an emperor.”
Tacitus, histories
https://blossom.primal.net/4e51b22ab002ba4048c08152953b5718ee9ca499efb6b169747cd58e7d266729.png

2025-07-24 00:06:35 UTC

🟤 THE CANTABRIAN WARS
The Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC) were a brutal series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the indigenous tribes of northern Spain, primarily the Cantabri and Astures. These fierce and strategically adept tribes, employing guerrilla tactics and fortified mountain strongholds, posed a formidable challenge to Roman legions.
Despite initial setbacks, the Romans, under the leadership of Augustus, ultimately prevailed through overwhelming force and a scorched-earth policy. The wars resulted in the complete subjugation of the Cantabrians and Astures, marking the final stage of Rome's conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
https://blossom.primal.net/7a7811cc48375f7417f85a6b5bdfe53c2c167b7973046b452f92ee1c1c27cc5f.png

2025-07-21 22:13:21 UTC

https://youtu.be/vUso6DDHa5E?si=EhbZhfjQ6CHwaTR-

2025-07-21 22:11:26 UTC

🔘 THE IllITERACY OF THE OSTROGOTH
“Now King Theoderic was without training in letters, and of such dull comprehension that for ten years of his reign he had been wholly unable to learn the four letters necessary for endorsing his edicts. For that reason he had a golden plate with slits made, containing the four letters "legi"; then, if he wished to endorse anything, he placed the plate over the paper and drew his pen through the slits, so that only this subscription of his was seen.”
The Anonymus Valesianus
https://blossom.primal.net/933236671dd8e643c9be002783ed336f950735c1ac6be05a1dff3ab56de0eabd.png