The board itself plugs into an EPROM socket on the main board. It carries a pass-through socket for the EPROM plus a set of LEDs and drivers.
The LEDs are driven from the address lines, which obvs are available from the EPROM pins.
The EPROM contains the soak test code. If it discovers an error it goes into a deliberate tight loop at a known location which can therefore be read off the LEDs, thus giving the error number.