We know that poverty is the condition of being precariously subject to the commands of others because poverty has real, observable, material effects on our health and life expectancy that cannot be explained simply by lifestyle differences (smoking, alcohol consumption, etc) or unequal access to health amenities (healthy food, clean air, exercise opportunities, medical treatment, etc).
“Poverty is strongly associated with increased risk of death, but the risks could be modestly abated by a healthier lifestyle.”
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11312224/
“…this risk [of cardiovascular disease] was even greater in more deprived groups when lifestyle was measured by an extended score that included emerging factors than by a traditional score. These inequalities in lifestyle-related risk were not accounted for by differences in sex, age, ethnicity, blood pressure, concurrent cholesterol or blood pressure medication, or body-mass index.”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266718302007
“These findings are consistent with the vulnerability hypothesis, suggesting that the same risk factors are more harmful for people living in deprived circumstances than for people living in affluent areas.”
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30237-8/fulltext
Poverty literally changes the physical structure of our brains:
“Our findings reveal income inequality as a unique societal-level determinant of neurodevelopment and mental health, independent of individual socioeconomic status.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-025-00508-1
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